BibMe Free Bibliography Citation Maker MLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard. Issuu is a digital publishing platform that makes it simple to publish magazines, catalogs, newspapers, books, and more online. Easily share your publications and get. Digital divide Wikipedia. A digital divide is an economic and social inequality with regard to access to, use of, or impact of information and communication technologies ICT. The divide within countries such as the digital divide in the United States may refer to inequalities between individuals, households, businesses, or geographic areas, usually at different socioeconomic levels or other demographic categories. The divide between differing countries or regions of the world is referred to as the global digital divide,12 examining this technological gap between developing and developed countries on an international scale. Definitions and usageeditThe term digital divide describes a gap in terms of access to and usage of information and communication technology. FT_15.01.15_privacy_security.png' alt='Digital Literacy Productivity Programs Answers' title='Digital Literacy Productivity Programs Answers' />It was traditionally considered to be a question of having or not having access,4 but with a global mobile phone penetration of over 9. Conceptualizations of the digital divide have been described as who, with which characteristics, connects how to what 1. Who is the subject that connects individuals, organizations, enterprises, schools, hospitals, countries, etc. Which characteristics or attributes are distinguished to describe the divide income, education, age, geographic location, motivation, reason not to use, etc. How sophisticated is the usage mere access, retrieval, interactivity, intensive and extensive in usage, innovative contributions, etc. To what does the subject connect fixed or mobile, Internet or telephony, digital TV, broadband, etc. Different authors focus on different aspects, which leads to a large variety of definitions of the digital divide. For example, counting with only 3 different choices of subjects individuals, organizations, or countries, each with 4 characteristics age, wealth, geography, sector, distinguishing between 3 levels of digital adoption access, actual usage and effective adoption, and 6 types of technologies fixed phone, mobile. Internet., already results in 3x. Each one of them seems equally reasonable and depends on the objective pursued by the analyst. Early childhood development ECD has become a priority for research, policy and programming, at national and global level, with increasing recognition of the. Teacher Interview 7377 Introduction to Technology in Schools, Fall, 2008 Connie Capaldo, Katherine Flanagan, and David Littrell What are the different types of. In my salad days I posted some supremely unflattering selfies. I was a photo newbie, a bearded amateur mugging for the camera. Im happy to say that the results of. Digital Literacy Productivity Programs Answers' title='Digital Literacy Productivity Programs Answers' />Means of connectivityeditInfrastructureeditThe infrastructure by which individuals, households, businesses, and communities connect to the Internet address the physical mediums that people use to connect to the Internet such as desktop computers, laptops, basic mobile phones or smart phones, i. Pods or other MP3 players, gaming consoles such as Xbox or Play. Station, electronic book readers, and tablets such as i. Pads. 1. 3. The digital divide measured in terms of bandwidth is not closing, but fluctuating up and down. Gini coefficients for telecommunication capacity in kbits among individuals worldwide1. Traditionally the nature of the divide has been measured in terms of the existing numbers of subscriptions and digital devices. Given the increasing number of such devices, some have concluded that the digital divide among individuals has increasingly been closing as the result of a natural and almost automatic process. Others point to persistent lower levels of connectivity among women, racial and ethnic minorities, people with lower incomes, rural residents, and less educated people as evidence that addressing inequalities in access to and use of the medium will require much more than the passing of time. Recent studies have measured the digital divide not in terms of technological devices, but in terms of the existing bandwidth per individual in kbits per capita. As shown in the Figure on the side, the digital divide in kbits is not monotonically decreasing, but re opens up with each new innovation. For example, the massive diffusion of narrow band Internet and mobile phones during the late 1. DSL and cable modems during 2. This is because a new kind of connectivity is never introduced instantaneously and uniformly to society as a whole at once, but diffuses slowly through social networks. As shown by the Figure, during the mid 2. The most recent increase in digital equality stems from the massive diffusion of the latest digital innovations i. G and fiber optics FTTH. Measurement methodologies of the digital divide, and more specifically an Integrated Iterative Approach General Framework Integrated Contextual Iterative Approach ICI and the digital divide modeling theory under measurement model DDG Digital Divide Gap are used to analyze the gap existing between developed and developing countries, and the gap among the 2. European Union. 1. The bit as the unifying variableedit. Fixed line phone and Internet 2. Instead of tracking various kinds of digital divides among fixed and mobile phones, narrow and broadband Internet, digital TV, etc., it has recently been suggested to simply measure the amount of kbits per actor. This approach has shown that the digital divide in kbits per capita is actually widening in relative terms While the average inhabitant of the developed world counted with some 4. Mbits per capita in 2. The upper graph of the Figure on the side shows that the divide between developed and developing countries has been diminishing when measured in terms of subscriptions per capita. In 2. 00. 1, fixed line telecommunication penetration reached 7. OECD countries and 1. This resulted in a ratio of 7 to 1 divide in relative terms or a difference of 6. During the next decade, fixed line penetration stayed almost constant in OECD countries at 7. The lower graph shows the divide not in terms of ICT devices, but in terms of kbits per inhabitant. While the average member of developed countries counted with 2. In relative terms, the fixed line capacity divide was even worse during the introduction of broadband Internet at the middle of the first decade of the 2. OECD counted with 2. This shows the importance of measuring the divide in terms of kbits, and not merely to count devices. The International Telecommunications Union concludes that the bit becomes a unifying variable enabling comparisons and aggregations across different kinds of communication technologies. Skills and digital literacyeditHowever, research shows that the digital divide is more than just an access issue and cannot be alleviated merely by providing the necessary equipment. There are at least three factors at play information accessibility, information utilization and information receptiveness. More than just accessibility, individuals need to know how to make use of the information and communication tools once they exist within a community. Information professionals have the ability to help bridge the gap by providing reference and information services to help individuals learn and utilize the technologies to which they do have access, regardless of the economic status of the individual seeking help. LocationeditInternet connectivity can be utilized at a variety of locations such as homes, offices, schools, libraries, public spaces, Internet cafe and others. There are also varying levels of connectivity in rural, suburban, and urban areas. ApplicationseditCommon Sense Media, a nonprofit group based in San Francisco, surveyed almost 1,4. Reasons and correlating variableseditThe gap in a digital divide may exist for a number of reasons. Abstracts Digital Humanities in the Nordic Countries 2nd Conferencepdf, 1. MBLong papers. Short papers. Panels. Posters. Pre conference workshops. Long papers LONG PAPER PRESENTATION Topics Visual and Multisensory Representations of Past and Present. Keywords Classification, Keystroke logging, Digital colored visualization, Textgenetics, Time oriented production. Writing and Rewriting The Colored Digital Visualization of Keystroke Logging. Christophe Leblay. Gilles Caporossi. University of Turku, Finland 2. HEC Montral, Canada. As they contain a lot of data, keystroke logging files, are difficult to read and analyze Wengelin, et al., 2. There are many reasons for this, including their chronological format and high number of complex details Kollberg, 1. However, representations of writing are, so far, one of the main tools used to analyze it. The reason why analyzing the writing process is so important derives from the genetic methodology, where the more a text is changed or modified, the better it becomes Leblay, 2. The ultimate goal then becomes to understand how modifications continue to improve the text and how modifications are done in order to understand the way the text continuously improves. The goal of data representations is to help researchers with their analysis, to assist them in understanding the data and finding patterns in it. Visualization is more than just drawings of data it is an analysis tool Manyika, et al., 2. Seeing how data interacts makes it possible to discover and understand patterns and changes over time within a database Minelli, et al., 2. Yau, 2. 01. 1. For a researcher to use representations in a way that does more than just describe a dataset requires visualization techniques. These techniques are multidisciplinary and include statistics, cognitive science, graphic design, computer science and cartography Kirk, 2. It is important to consider two complementary concepts on the same visual surface when creating data visualizations, namely, data representation visual variables in the creation of graphs or charts and data presentation appearance and delivery format of the entire data visualization design, colors, the interactive features and the annotations. Aligner, et al., 2. The writing process is difficult to grasp as a whole. From a computer science and mathematics standpoint, there are only two dimensions to this process the temporal dimension, involving the specific moment when each operation was made and the spatial one, which corresponds to the exact position of the operation in the list. Because this definition is highly decontextualized, some writing process representations also use a third dimension, chronology, which is a simplification of the temporal aspect Bcotte Boutin, Caporossi Hertz, 2. The writer adds and removes characters chronologically in time, but the overall state of the text changes as the writer modifies it. Genetic criticism studies precisely the different states of the text. Those three dimensions then concern genetic operations at the most basic level. Each operation of the writing process can be considered as a substitution operation Van Waes Schellens, 2. An insertion would be the replacement of an empty space by a keystroke, and the deletion or replacement of a keystroke by an empty space. These operations are characterized by the fact they are done in a single step with the mouse or keyboard. More complex operations, such as substitution and replacement, which are done in two steps Caporossi Leblay, 2. Another aspect of the writing process is the micro and macro aspects of the text, i. Because those two aspects cannot be visualized together in the same representation unless interactivity and the view adjustment feature are used Aigner, et al., 2. Alamargot, et al., 2. Breetvelt, et al., 1. Caporossi Leblay, 2. Cox, et al., 2. 00. Doquet Lacoste, 2. Haas, 1. 98. 9 Latif, 2. Leijten Van Waes, 2. Southavilay, et al., 2. Van Waes Schellens, 2. Actual visualizations of the writing process are bidimensional, and because of that, they focus for example on revision, the temporal aspect or the writers retrospection Latif, 2. Even if it is important to analyze and understand the spatiotemporal dimension of the process Stromqvist, et al., 2. We propose new visualizations based on mathematical graphs that consist of nodes points and edges lines eventually joining the nodes. As such, graphs are based on relationships between nodes and may be used for modeling purposes. This colored representation is halfway between detailed representations and overviews. The dynamic aspect of the writing process is highlighted Caporossi Leblay, 2. Leblay Caporossi, 2. One of its strength is that it clearly shows the temporal and chronological relationships between operations, facilitating their identification in a structured way. Another advantage of this visualization of the writing process is that it can handle moving text positions Southavilay, et al., 2. Bibliography. Aigner, W., Miksch, S., Schumann, H., Tominski, C. Visualization of Time Oriented Data. Human Computer Interaction Series. London Springer. Alamargot, D., Caporossi, G., Chesnet, D., Ros, C. What makes a skilled writer Working memory and audience awareness during text composition. Learning and Individual Differences, 2. Breetvelt, I., Van Den Bergh, H., Rijlaarsdam, G. Relations between Writing Processes and Text Quality When and How. Cognition and Instruction, 1. Caporossi, G., Leblay, C. Online Writing Data Representation A Graph Theory Approach. In Lecture Notes in Computer Sciences 7. Cox, M., Ortmeier Hopper, C., Tirabassi, K. E. 2. 00. 9. Teaching Writing for the Real World Community and Workplace Writing. The English Journal, 9. Doquet Lacoste, C. Gntique de lcriture sur Traitement de Texte dlves de Cours Moyen 2, Anne 1. Paris Universit Sorbonne nouvelle. Haas, C. 1. 98. 9. How the Writing Medium Shapes the Writing Process Effects of Word Processing on Planning. Research in the Teaching of English, 2. Kirk, A. 2. 01. 2. Data visualization a successful design process electronic book. Packt Pub. Kollberg, P. Rules for the S notation a computer based method for representing revisions. Geekbench 2.4 Serial Number more. Stockholm, Sweden IPLab, Royal Institute of Technology KTH. Latif, M. M. 2. 00. A State of the Art Review of the Real Time Computer Aided Study of the Writing Process. International Journal of English Studies, 8 1, 2. Leijten, M., Van Waes, L. Keystroke Logging in Writing Research Using Inputlog to Analyze and Visualize Writing Processes. Leblay, C. Caporossi, G. Temps de lcriture enregistrements et reprsentations. Louvain la Neuve Academia. Manyika, J., Chui, M., Brown, B., Bughin, J., Dobbs, R., Roxburgh, C., et al. Big data the next frontier for innovation, competition, and productivity. Mc. Kinsey Global Institute. Minelli, M., Chambers, M., Dhiraj, A. Big data, big analytics Emerging business intelligence and analytic trends for todays businesses. Wiley Publishing. Southavilay, V., Yacef, K., Reimann, P., Calvo, R. A. 2. 01. 3. Analysis of Collaborative Writing Processes Using Revision Maps and Probabilistic Topic Models. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge, 3. Stromqvist, S., Holmqvist, K., Johansson, V., Karlsson, H., Wengelin, A. What Keystroke Logging can Reveal about Writing.